Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rutin, Quercetin, and Catechin on Leukocyte Count and Edema in Carrageenan-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Indah Kartika Sari; Hotlina Nainggolan

Authors

Indah Kartika Universitas Gunadarma
Hotlina Nainggolan Department of Medicine, Gunadarma University, Depok, Indonesia

Keywords:

anti-inflammatory, carrageenan, flavonoid, leukocyte count, rats

Abstract

Inflammation is the response of the body to infection or tissue injury. This reaction triggers the release of inflammatory mediators and increases leukocyte count. NSAIDs and corticosteroids are the most commonly used drugs to reduce inflammation; however, long-term use can cause side effects. Therefore, medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory properties have been explored, as their activity is largely attributed to flavonoid content. Flavonoids possess various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial effects. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of flavonoid on leukocyte counts in carrageenan-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. The study involved 24 rats divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (1% Na-CMC), positive control (diclofenac sodium, 4.5 mg/kg BW), and treatment groups (rutin, quercetin, and catechin at 50 mg/kg BW). The evaluated parameters included the percentage of inhibition of inflammation and the leukocyte count. Flavonoid reduced inflammation, with quercetin showing the most similar effect to the positive control, followed by rutin and catechin. One-way ANOVA indicated no significant difference in the percentage of inflammation inhibition between the 1st and 2nd hours (p = 0.087), but a significant difference was observed between the 2nd and 3rd hours (p = 0.042). Leukocyte counts also varied significantly among the groups (p = 0.004). Flavonoid reduces number of leukocyte and potential as a antiinflammation agents.

References

Aggarwal, D., Chaudhary, M., Mandotra, S. K., Tuli, H. S., Chauhan, R., Joshi, N. C., Kaur, D., Dufossé, L., & Chauhan, A. (2025). Anti-inflammatory potential of quercetin: From chemistry and mechanistic insight to nanoformulations. Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery (Vol. 8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crphar.2025.100217

Akrom. (2021). Imunofarmakologi Radang. Azkiya.

Ansari, P., Choudhury, S. T., Seidel, V., Rahman, A. Bin, Aziz, M. A., Richi, A. E., Rahman, A., Jafrin, U. H., Hannan, J. M. A., & Abdel-Wahab, Y. H. A. (2022). Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin in the Management of Type-2 Diabetes Mellitus. Life, 12(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/life12081146

Ardhana, A., & Rahman, S. (2024). Uji Efek Ekstrak Etanol Daun Tin (Ficus Carica) sebagai Anti Inflamasi terhadap Jumlah Sel Leukosit Tikus Rattus Novergicus yang di Induksi Karagenin. Jurnal Implementa Husada, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.30596/jih.v5i4.21033

Baqer, S. H., Al-Shawi, S. G., & Al-Younis, Z. K. (2024). Quercetin, the Potential Powerful Flavonoid for Human and Food: A Review. In Frontiers in Bioscience – Elite, 16(3). https://doi.org/10.31083/j.fbe1603030

Brahmananda, W. G. A., Sudisma, I. G. N., Kendran, A. A. S., & Sudira, I. W. (2023). Profil Hematologi Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus) yang Diberi Salep Simplisia Daun Kembang Sepatu (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.) Setelah Dipapar Sinar Ultraviolet. Jurnal Sain Veteriner, 41(2), 226. https://doi.org/10.22146/jsv.82701

Buana, K. D. M., & Mauludin, R. (2024). Sumber Potensial Agen Antiinflamasi Tanaman Indonesia Dari Usada Taru Premana dan Perkembangan Formulasinya: Telaah Pustaka. Jurnal Penelitian Farmasi Indonesia, 13(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.51887/jpfi.v13i1.1901

Choi, S. S., Park, H. R., & Lee, K. A. (2021). A comparative study of rutin and rutin glycoside: Antioxidant activity, anti-inflammatory effect, effect on platelet aggregation and blood coagulation. Antioxidants, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111696

Dabukke, H., Sijabat, S., & Adiansyah. (2023). Sosialisasi Pemeliharaan Preventif Peralatan Hematology Analyzer. Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Nauli.

Deniyanti. (2024). Efek Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Batang Akar Kuning (Arcangelisia flava (L.) Merr) Terhadap Mencit (Mus musculus). Pharmacology and Pharmacy Scientific Journals, 3(1), 29–34.

Ferenczyová, K., Kindernay, L., Vlkovičová, J., Kaločayová, B., Rajtík, T., & Barteková, M. (2021). Pharmacology of catechins in ischemia-reperfusion injury of the heart. In Antioxidants (Vol. 10, Number 9). MDPI. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10091390

Fratiwi, N., Saranani, S., Agastia, G., & Isrul, M. (2022). Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Kirinyuh (Chromolaena odorata L.) dan Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kadar Interleukin 6 (IL-6) Pada Tikus Jantan Galur Wistar. Jurnal Pharmacia Mandala Waluya, 1(2), 54–67. https://doi.org/10.54883/jpmw.v1i2.13

Idos, S. N., Chatri, M., & Advinda, L. (2023). Active flavonoid found in plants. Jurnal Biologi dan Pembelajaran Biologi, 8(2).

Juliadi, D., Putu, N. I., & Agustini, D. (2019). Ekstrak Kuersetin Kulit Umbi Bawang Merah (Allium Cepa L.) Kintanami Sebagai Krim Antiinflamasi Pada Mencit Putih Jantan (Mus Musculus) Dengan Metode Hot Plate. Jurnal Ilmiah Medicamento, 5(2).

Karin, M., & Shalapour, S. (2022). Regulation of antitumor immunity by inflammation-induced epigenetic alterations. Cellular and Molecular Immunology (Vol. 19, Number 1, pp. 59–66). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-021-00756-y

Nessa, N., Widyastuti, W., & Kurnia, N. T. (2024). Aktivitas Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Rambut Jagung (Zea mays) Pada Tikus Putih Jantan Yang Diinduksi Karagenan 1%.

Ningsih, I. S., Moralita Chatri, Linda Advinda, & Violita. (2023). Senyawa Aktif Flavonoid yang Terdapat Pada Tumbuhan. Serambi Biologi, 8.

Nunes, C. dos R., Arantes, M. B., de Faria Pereira, S. M., da Cruz, L. L., de Souza Passos, M., de Moraes, L. P., Vieira, I. J. C., & de Oliveira, D. B. (2020). Plants as Sources of Anti-Inflammatory Agents. Molecules 25(16). MDPI AG. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163726

Pitriyah, P. (2016). Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Isolat Katekin Gambir (Uncaria gambir Roxb) Terhadap Udem Kaki Tikus Putih Jantan Galur Sparague- Dawley yang Diinduksi Karagenan. UIN Syarif Hidayahtullah Jakarta.

Santoso, A. (2021). Glikobiologi, Glikans dan Glikoprotein Beserta Aplikasinya dalam Kesehatan. BERITA BIOLOGI, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14203/beritabiologi.v20i1.3991

Saputri, M. P., Utami, R., Fadila, J., & Handayani, S. N. (2020). Anti-inflammation Activity of Ageratum Conyzoides Leaf Ethanol Extract on Rattus Norvegicus. Walisongo Journal of Chemistry, 3(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.21580/wjc.v3i1.6136

Sari, K. W., Raising, R., & Ayuwardhani, N. (2023). Uji Efektivitas Antiinflamasi Kombinasi Ekstrak Herba Seledri (Apium Graveolens L.) Dan Daun Binahong (Anredera Cordifolia (Ten.) Steenis) Pada Tikus Putih. Jurnal Ilmu Kedokteran Dan Kesehatan Indonesia, 3(2), 126–140. https://doi.org/10.55606/jikki.v3i2.1666

Sari, M., & Sulistiany, H. (2021). Aktivitas Anti Inflamasi Ekstrak Biji Litsea garciae Vidal Pada OdemaTelapak Kaki dan Gambaran Histologis Kaki Mencit. Berita Biologi Jurnal Ilmu Hayati, 20(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.14203/beritabiologi.v20i1.3991

Suryandari, S. S., De Queljoe, E., & Datu, O. S. (2021). Uji Aktivitas Antiinflamasi Ekstrak Etanol Daun Sesewanua (Clerodendrum squamatum Vahl.) Terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus L.) yang diinduksi Karagenan. Pharmacon.

Tigner, A., A, S., & Murray, I. V. (2022). Histology, White Blood Cell. StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL).

Ulasi, A. N., Ilidigwe, E. E., Ugwe, C. B., Nedum, C. H., & Orji, C. E. (2025). Study on the anti-inflammatory and in vivo antioxidant effects of crude leaf extract and fractions of Ipomoea involucrata in Albino Wistar Rats. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 15(3), 1064–1075. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2025.15.3.1816

Usman, F., Alam, G., Yusrini Djabir, Y., Rahman, L., Lallo, S., & Kunci, K. (2021). Pengaruh Pemberian Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Rimpang Temu Putih (Curcuma zedoaria), Rimpang Bangle (Zingiber cassumunar) dan Daun Pare (Momordica charantia) Terhadap Kadar ALT, AST dan Profil Hematologi Tikus Putih. Original Article MFF, 25(2), 69–72. https://doi.org/10.20956/mff.v25i2.12029

Xia, Y., Liang, C., Luo, H., & Zhang, Y. (2025). Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids and Flavonoid-Rich Compounds in Irritable Bowel Syndrome. In Drug Design, Development and Therapy (Vol. 19, pp. 4895–4910). https://doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S515004

Yuniza, & Ginanjar, M. R. (2021). Efektivitas Salep Ekstrak Daun Kelengkeng Terhadap Inflamasi pada Ratus Novergicus.