FITOFARMAKA: JURNAL ILMIAH FARMASI

Formulation and Evaluation of Red Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) Leaf Antidiabetic Capsules

Lucienne Agatha Larasati Nugraha Putri — 2024-12-31

Red sweet potato, or Ipomoea batatas L (IBL), has the potential to be developed as a herbal medicine to treat diabetes mellitus. Capsules were chosen for the formulation of IBL. The finished products are required to undergo a series of test in accordance with compendial standards and regulatory requirements for single-dose capsule products. To meet the quality and safety requirements of traditional medicines, efforts are needed to obtain an optimal capsule formula that ensures quality and safety. Mg stearate as a lubricant can be used to improve the flow properties of granules. The aims of this study are to formulate IBL into capsule dosage form and determine the influence of mg stearate in the formulation of IBL capsules. Two formulations were made using dry extract of IBL leaf (F1) and dry extract of IBL leaves with the addition of magnesium stearate (F2). The next stage was to evaluate the capsules with flowability parameters, including compressibility, weight uniformity and disintegration time. The next stage was to evaluate the capsules with several parameters, namely weight uniformity and disintegration time. The results obtained show that the F1and F2 capsule have met the quality and safety requirements set for traditional medicine preparations according to the quality and safety requirements of traditional medicine Compared to the formula without magnesium stearate (F1), the formula with magnesium stearate (F2) had a better compressibility index, which improved flowability, more uniformity of weight, and a longer disintegration time. However, there was no significant difference between the two formulas.

Antioxidant Activity of Stingless Bee Propolis (Tetrigona apicalis) Extracts from Dammar Forest Vegetation

Angga Yasir — 2024-12-31

Propolis, a resinous substance produced by bees, is renowned for its diverse biological activities, including antioxidant properties. The antioxidant potential of propolis is largely influenced by its botanical origin, which affects its phenolic and flavonoid content. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant activity and chemical composition of stingless bee propolis from Tetrigona apicalis, sourced from dammar forest vegetation in Lampung Province. Ultrasonic-Assisted Extraction (UAE) was performed using 96% and 70% ethanol to assess the impact of solvent concentration on extraction efficiency and bioactive compound yield. The total flavonoid content was significantly higher in the 96% ethanol extract (0.147 mg QE/g dry propolis) compared to the 70% ethanol extract (0.015 mg QE/g dry propolis), indicating the superior efficacy of higher ethanol concentration in extracting non-polar flavonoids. Despite this, the antioxidant activity, measured by DPPH and FRAP assays, was relatively low, with an IC50 value of 6001.33 μg/mL for DPPH and 0.067 mg AAE/g extract for FRAP. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups associated with flavonoids, phenolic acids, and aliphatic hydrocarbons. The results suggest that the high resin content from dammar trees may dilute the concentration of potent antioxidant compounds, leading to weaker antioxidant activity. This study highlights the need for further optimization of extraction methods and comprehensive comparative studies to fully understand the bioactive potential of propolis from unique ecological settings like dammar forests. The findings contribute to the broader field of natural product research, with potential applications in cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

Exploring the Potential Mechanism of “X” Jamu Capsule in Treating Hypertension Based on Network Pharmacology

Lusi Agus Setiani — 2024-12-31

Jamu is a traditional medicine derived from plants, animals, minerals, and galenic preparations that are used empirically as a treatment. Hypertension is a condition when the systolic blood pressure is > 140 mmHg and the diastolic blood pressure is > 90 mmHg. The purpose of this research is to describe the mechanism of action of Jamu which consists of six plants, namely Apium Graveolens, Orthosiphon aristatus, Imperatae cylindrica, Phyllanthus niruri, Centella asiatica, and Curcuma xanthorrhiza as antihipertensive using network pharmacology because the herbs are formula with multi-components and multi-targets. This research was conducted by searching for compounds in each plant using the knapsack and IJAH Analytic databases, 187 compounds were obtained and filtered based on oral bioavailability (OB) and drug-likeness (DL) values yielded 40, searched for the target protein obtained 2198 proteins in Swisstargetprediction database, searching for hypertension target proteins in the OMIM and Uniprot databases found 338 proteins, then for compound target proteins and hypertension targets searched for protein overlap manually in the cytoscape application obtained 10 proteins, then these proteins were analyzed using the Database for Annotation Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) it was found that the most significant signaling is PI3K-Akt, which is associated with increased NO production, resulting in vascular relaxation and influencing blood pressure. The signaling is influenced by the work of JAK2, MDM2, INSR, NOS3, and VEGFA proteins. These proteins are the target proteins of 10 compounds contained in the plants Orthosiphon aristatus, Phyllanthus niruri, Centella asiatica, and Curcuma xanthorrhiza.

Aphrodisiac Activity of The n-Hexane Fraction of Clove Leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on The Fertility of Male White Rats (Rattus norvegicus)

Rezky Yanuarty — 2024-12-31

Aphrodisiacs are stimulant that modulate the neuroendocrine system to enhance libido or sexual desire and affect reproductive activity. Hormonal or neurological imbalances, as well as disruptions in reproductive tissue, can affect male fertility. One plant known to stimulate sexual arousal is the clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), with its active compound, primarily eugenol, presumed to enhance testicular function and thereby potentially address male sexual dysfunction. This study aims to examine the aphrodisiac activity of the n-hexane fraction of clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) on the fertility of male white rats by assessing parameters such as the mating index, fertility index, libido index, pregnancy index, and live fetus index. This research used an experimental method with a post-test modified randomized control group design, involving 20 male and 40 female white rats divided into four treatment groups in a 1:2 ratio. Each group comprised 5 male and 10 female rats. The groups included a normal control (Na-CMC), a positive control (X-Gra 51.37 mg/kg BW), a clove leaf extract group (250 mg/kg BW), and an n-hexane fraction of clove leaves group (250 mg/kg BW). The findings indicate that the n-hexane fraction of clove leaves (Syzygium aromaticum L.) at a dose of 250 mg/kg BW contains secondary metabolite steroids and exhibits significant aphrodisiac activity that affect fertility which is characterized by a significant differences in the percentages of pregnancy and fertility indices.

Effect of Ethanol Extract and Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Soursop Leaves administration on Malondialdehyde Levels of Alloxan-Induced Rat Endocrine Cells

Jeli Marlita — 2024-12-31

Soursop leaves (Annona muricata L.) contain many antioxidant compounds such as phenols and flavonoids that play an active role in inhibiting oxidative stress and can inhibit damage and death in cells, tissues, or organs. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of soursop leaf ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction effect on malondialdehyde levels and the quantity of pancreatic endocrine cells in male rats (Mus musculus) induced with alloxan. Method, the test animals were divided into seven groups (n=4). The normal control group was only given feed, the negative control group was given CMC-Na solution, the positive control group was given vitamin C dose of 50 mg/kg.BW, treatment group I was given soursop ethanol extract dose of 50 mg/kg.BW, treatment group II was given soursop ethanol extract dose of 100 mg./kg.BW, ethyl acetate fraction treatment group III was given soursop ethyl acetate fraction dose of 25 mg/kg BW, and treatment group IV was given soursop ethyl acetate fraction dose of 50 mg/kg BW. Results showed that the administration of ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves at a dose of 25 mg/kg BW showed the most effective potential significantly (p<0.05) in reducing malondialdehyde levels and cell death. In conclusion, administering ethanol extract and ethyl acetate fraction of soursop leaves to rats which experiencing oxidative stress in their pancreas can stimulate and increase regeneration of endocrine cell in all rat groups. This is proven by a decrease of malondialdehyde levels and the number of necrosis cell necrosis. 1

Anti-Inflammation Anti Inflammation Effectivity Gel Formulated From Ethanol Extract of Ketepeng Cina Leaves (Cassia alata L.) Leaves

Mayang Sari — 2024-12-31

ABSTRACT

Metabolites including flavonoids, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, anthraquinones, phenolics, glucose, and phytosterols are present in the Ketepeng Cina (Cassia alata L.) plant. When physical stress causes tissue injury, inflammation is the body's natural defensive reaction. This research aim to formulate gel preparation from ethanol extract of ketepeng cina leaves and determine its antiinflammatory activity on carrageenan induced mice (Mus musculus). This is experimental research, including collection of materials and prociessing of materials, making simplisia, making ethanol extract with a concentration of 5%, 10% and 15%, making ethanol extract gel of Ketepeng Cina leaves and testing the anti-inflammatory effect on mice. The results showed that the ethanol extract can be formulated in the form of gel dosage form with concentrations of 5%, 10% and 15% and has a qualified quality preparation evaluation. The observation results showed that the percentage of Inflammation Inhibition at the 5th hour on the gel with a concentration of 15% was 100%. Statistical Analysis of One Way Anova the percentage of inflammation at the 5th hour to the 6th hour showed a significant difference. So it can be stated that the preparation of ethanol extract gel of Ketepeng Cina leaves has the best anti-inflammatory effect at a concentration of 15%.

Formulation and Evaluation of Fast Disintegrating Tablets Containing Broccoli Extract (Brassica oleracea) Using Crospovidone and Ac-Di Sol as Superdisintegrants

Erni Rustiani — 2024-12-31

Broccoli (Brassica oleracea) is known to contain flavonoid and glucosinolate compounds that act as acetylcholine enzyme inhibitors to improve memory in humans. To be practical and easy to use, broccoli is made in tablet dosage form. This study aims to determine the effect of the super disintegrants concentration of crospovidone and Ac-Di Sol on the physical quality of the Fast-Disintegrating Tablet (FDT) of broccoli extract. A total of 3 formulas were made using the wet granulation method and different concentrations of crospovidone and Ac-Di Sol, namely formula 1 (crospovidone 5% : Ac-Di-Sol 2%), formula 2 (crospovidone 4.5% : Ac-Di-Sol 2.5%), and formula 3 (crospovidone 4% : Ac-Di-Sol 3%). Tablet quality testing included hardness, friability, disintegration time, wetting time, and determination of total flavonoid content of tablet. The results of tablets have a brownish white colour with black spots, are round with a flat surface, have a distinctive odour, and have a slightly bittersweet taste. ANOVA statistical analysis of tablet hardness (p > 0.05) showed that there was no significant effect of crospovidone and Ac-Di-Sol concentrations on tablet hardness. While other test results showed a significant effect of crospovidone and Ac-Di-Sol concentrations on tablet friability (p < 0.05), disintegration time (p < 0.05), and wetting time (p < 0.05). Formula 1 (crospovidone 5% and Ac-Di-Sol 2%) is the best formula based on the physical quality of tablets, with an average tablet hardness value of 2.23 kp, friability of 0.95%, disintegration time of 1 minute 37 seconds, wetting time of 1 minute 15 seconds, and total flavonoid content of 2.62 mg QE/g (101.83%).

Effectiveness of Auricularia polytricha Extract Gel on Burn Wound Healing in Male White Rats

Djati Wulan Kusumo — 2024-12-31

The number of burn cases in Indonesia has increased to 0.6% to 1,3% cases in January-august 2022. One way to address this issue is by inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, which can otherwise impede the wound healing process. One of the herbal plants known for its efficacy in wound healing is the Auricularia polytricha. A. polytricha is known to contain flavonoid compounds that are potentially beneficial in wound healing. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of A. polytricha extract gel in healing burn wounds on white rats, using concentrations of 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. The gel was applied once a day for 14 days. Burns were created using an electric solder with a round metal plate tip of 1 cm in diameter. The solder was connected to an electric current for 5 minutes, then applied to the rats' skin for 5 seconds to create second-degree burns, followed by the application of topical A. polytricha extract gel. Macroscopic and microscopic data were analyzed using SPSS. The results showed that the administration of A. polytricha extract gel accelerated the healing of burn wounds in white rats. Macroscopic observations indicated that the 10% concentration of A. polytricha extract gel showed the best healing percentage compared to other groups. Microscopic observations revealed that the 10% A. polytricha extract gel scored 6.3, placing it in the good category.