FITOFARMAKA: JURNAL ILMIAH FARMASI

Evaluation of Antihypertensive Therapy Rationality in Hospitalized Hypertensive Patients with Diabetes Mellitus at South Tangerang City General Hospital

Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Hypertension is a chronic condition that frequently coexists with diabetes mellitus and may significantly increase the risk of cardiovascular and renal complications. Evaluating the rational use of antihypertensive drugs is important to ensure appropriate therapy. This study aimed to assess the rationality of antihypertensive drug use in hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus hospitalized at South Tangerang City General Hospital from October 2024 to March 2025. A descriptive cross-sectional design with retrospective data collection was used based on medical records. Total sampling of 67 medical records met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The rationality of antihypertensive therapy was evaluated using four parameters: appropriate indication, appropriate patient, appropriate drug selection, and appropriate dosage, based on current clinical guidelines. The results showed that all antihypertensive prescriptions met the criteria for rational drug use across all evaluation parameters, with a rationality rate of 100%. Antihypertensive monotherapy was used in 27 (40.29%) patients while combination therapy was used in 40 (59.71%) patients Calcium channel blockers, especially amlodipine, were the most frequently used agents in monotherapy, while the combination of a calcium channel blocker and an angiotensin receptor blocker, particularly amlodipine and candesartan, was the most common regimen. Drug interactions occurred in 23.8% of patients, with severity classified as moderate (92.6 %), and minor (7.40 %). The most frequent interactions occur between bisoprolol and candesartan. Conclusion: antihypertensive prescribing in this population was rational and support cardiovascular and renal protection in diabetes management ; however drug interactions are still present and need attention to improve therapeutic outcomes.

Effects of Dexamethasone on Locomotor Behavior in Adult Zebrafish Assessed Using AnimApp

Fibe Yulinda Cesa, Martanty Aditya, Mutiara Fauziah, Noer Sidqi Muhammadiy — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Corticosteroids are drugs that contain steroids which are useful for supplementing steroid hormones in the body when needed, suppressing immune function, and reducing inflammation. Undoubtedly, corticosteroids are the most widely prescribed class of drugs worldwide. However, this medication is also known to have side effects in psychiatry, including depression. This study aims to determine the side effects of depression induced by the use of corticosteroid drugs, specifically dexamethasone, through locomotor behavior analysis using an adult zebrafish model (Danio rerio). The drug induction method in this study involved administering dexamethasone 20 µl intraperitoneally, targeting the peritoneum, the central metabolic organ of the Zebrafish. Using a sample of 30 Zebrafish divided into 3 test groups consisting of treatment and control groups. This study uses open-source multiplatform software (animapp) to measure and monitor changes in Zebrafish behavior over a 9-day observation period. (0; 3; 6; dan 9). The results of this study show a significant effect on freezing locomotor behavior after dexamethasone induction in the dexamethasone treatment group of Zebrafish compared to the negative control group (a-sig 0.007) and the dexamethasone treatment group compared to the positive control group (a-sig 0.047). A significant effect was also observed in movement locomotor behavior after dexamethasone induction in the dexamethasone treatment group compared to the positive control group (a-sig 0.002) and the dexamethasone treatment group compared to the negative control group (a-sig 0.045). The significant effects of both locomotor behaviors after dexamethasone induction reflect depressive symptoms characterized by decreased motor activity and increased immobility periods. Therefore, further monitoring of dexamethasone use is necessary, especially for patients suffering from depression, anxiety, and other psychiatric illnesses, to avoid exacerbating their existing depressive symptoms.

Analysis of Patient Satisfication Level of Clinical Pharmaceutical Services in Public Health Centers of Bogor City

Dewi Oktavia Gunawan, Emy Oktaviani, Refonisa Rahmatullah — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

One of the pharmaceutical services at the Community Health Center is clinical pharmacy services, which are direct and responsible services provided to patients in order to improve outcome therapy and minimize side effects due to medication. The aim of this research is to examine the description of clinical pharmacy services at Community Health Centers in Bogor City, identify the level of patient satisfaction with the quality of clinical pharmacy services provided at Community Health Centers in Bogor City, and evaluate the relationship between clinical pharmacy services and patient satisfaction levels. This research was carried out randomly cross sectional and prospective data collection by distributing questionnaires to respondents. Quantitative data using servqual methods as well as supporting data from observations of clinical pharmacy services at community health centers, and the results of questionnaires distributed to six pharmacists as representative at Bogor Health Center. Data analysis using tests Pearson Correlation and Multiple Linear Regression test.The research results showed that the Tanah Sareal Community Health Center was in the good category with a percentage of 83.33% for clinical pharmacy services, while the other five community health centers were in the adequate category. In assessing patient satisfaction using the servqual method, there is a highest value on the dimension assurance with a percentage of 90% and the lowest value in the dimension reliability with a percentage of 85.79%. There is a significant relationship between clinical pharmacy services at Community Health Centers in Bogor City and patient satisfaction with a significance value of 0.002.

Effect of Carbomer Concentration on the Characteristics of Peel-Off Gel Mask Containing Fragrant Citronella Leaves (Cymbopogon nardus L. Rendle) and Antibacterial Activity Test Against Staphylococcus aureus

Erfan Tri Prasongko, Septiawan Adi Nugroho, Lidia Novitasari — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Citronella leaves are efficacious as antibacterial because they contain flavonoids, so they have the potential to be developed into a peel-off gel mask for anti-acne treatment. Peel-off gel masks can be formulated in the presence of a gelling agent. Carbomer was chosen as a gelling agent because it does not irritate the skin. The research method used experimental, as well as One Way ANOVA and LSD data analysis. Results: FI, FII, FIII organoleptic test with semisolid gel form, greenish brown in color, characteristic odor; homogeneity test FI, FII, FIII homogeneous preparations; pH test FI, FII, FIII there is a significant difference in LSD; the FI, FII, FIII dispersion test showed a significant difference in LSD; the FI, FII, FIII adhesion test showed a significant difference in LSD; dry time test FI, FII, FIII there is a significant difference in LSD; irritation acceptability test and liking there was no significant difference in Kruskal-Wallis; Test activity FI, FII, FIII there is a significant difference in LSD. Conclusion: There is an effect of variations in carbomer concentration on the characteristics of the preparation and the antibacterial activity test on Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and there is no effect of variations in the concentration of carbomer on the acceptability test of irritation and preference tests.

Antidiabetic Effectiveness Test of Combination of Soursop Leaf Extract and Red Betel Leaf Extract in Mice Induced By Alloxan

Eka Wahyu Riyadi, Gunawan Pamudji Widodo, Vivin Nopiyanti — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Soursop leaves contain saponins, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, while red betel leaves contain flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins, alkaloids, and terpenoids (triterpenoids), which have the potential to lower blood glucose levels This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of soursop leaf extract and red betel leaf on changes in body weight and reduction of blood glucose levels in alloxan-induced mice, as well as to determine the most effective combination ratio. The study used 40 mice divided into eight groups: normal control, positive control (glibenclamide), negative control (Na-CMC), single soursop leaf extract, single red betel leaf extract, and three combination groups with ratios of 25%:75%, 50%:50%, and 75%:25%. Alloxan was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 150 mg per kilogram of body weight, followed by treatment after 14 days. Blood glucose levels were measured on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 using a glucometer, and the data were analyzed using SPSS version 27. The results showed that both extracts contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and triterpenoids. The combination of extracts showed a tendency to improve body weight and lower blood glucose levels compared to the negative control. The 75%:25% ratio provided the highest blood glucose reduction descriptively, but statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the combination ratios. Thus, all combination ratios had relatively equivalent antidiabetic effectiveness.

Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Rutin, Quercetin, and Catechin on Leukocyte Count and Edema in Carrageenan-Induced Male Sprague Dawley Rats

Indah Kartika, Hotlina Nainggolan — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Inflammation is the response of the body to infection or tissue injury. This reaction triggers the release of inflammatory mediators and increases leukocyte count. NSAIDs and corticosteroids are the most commonly used drugs to reduce inflammation; however, long-term use can cause side effects. Therefore, medicinal plants with anti-inflammatory properties have been explored, as their activity is largely attributed to flavonoid content. Flavonoids possess various pharmacological activities, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antibacterial effects. This study aimed to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of flavonoid on leukocyte counts in carrageenan-induced male Sprague Dawley rats. The study involved 24 rats divided into six groups: normal control, negative control (1% Na-CMC), positive control (diclofenac sodium, 4.5 mg/kg BW), and treatment groups (rutin, quercetin, and catechin at 50 mg/kg BW). The evaluated parameters included the percentage of inhibition of inflammation and the leukocyte count. Flavonoid reduced inflammation, with quercetin showing the most similar effect to the positive control, followed by rutin and catechin. One-way ANOVA indicated no significant difference in the percentage of inflammation inhibition between the 1st and 2nd hours (p = 0.087), but a significant difference was observed between the 2nd and 3rd hours (p = 0.042). Leukocyte counts also varied significantly among the groups (p = 0.004). Flavonoid reduces number of leukocyte and potential as a antiinflammation agents.

Formulation and Evaluation of Antidementia Tablets Containing Broccolli and Centella asiatica Extracts

Vira Handiana, Erni Rustiani, Rini Ambarwati — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Broccoli is known to contain various bioactive compounds, particularly flavonoids and glucosinolates, which have potential antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. Meanwhile, gotu kola herb (Centella asiatica) contains flavonoid compounds and asiaticosides that are widely recognized for their role in improving cognitive function and supporting brain health. Based on these benefits, this study was conducted to formulate a combined tablet preparation containing broccoli extract and gotu kola herb extract. This study aims to determine the best tablet formulation by evaluating variations in the concentration of the binder PVP K-30, namely 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5%. The evaluation of tablet quality was carried out through several standard physical tests, including hardness testing, friability (brittleness) testing, and crushing time testing. In addition, this study also aimed to determine the dissolution profile of the tablets and to analyze the active substance profile by measuring the levels of flavonoid compounds and asiaticosides contained in the tablet formulation. Statistical analysis of the results demonstrated that all formulated tablets met the general requirements for good tablet quality. Among the tested formulations, formula 4 containing 5% PVP K-30 was identified as the best formula. This formulation showed tablet hardness values ranging from 5.07 to 8.12 kg, friability of 0.2022%, and crushing time between 05'00" and 09'30". The dissolution test results showed a dissolution rate of 87.2523% ± 0.8994. Furthermore, the flavonoid content in the tablets was found to be 5.53 mg QE/g ± 0.0391, while asiaticoside compounds were not detected in the tablet preparation.